Testicular cancer is a relatively rare cancer that affects the testicles, primarily occurring in males aged 15 to 35, though it can arise at any age. It often manifests as a painless lump or swelling in one testicle and may be accompanied by a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. While it can spread quickly if untreated, testicular cancer is highly treatable with excellent cure rates when detected early.
Symptoms
Painless lump or swelling in either testicle
Feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum
Dull ache in the lower abdomen, groin, or testicle
Sudden swelling in the scrotum
Back pain in some cases
Breast enlargement or tenderness (rare)
Coughing or breathlessness if cancer has spread (rare)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis includes physical examination, ultrasound of the testicles, blood tests for tumor markers (alpha-fetoprotein, beta HCG, lactate dehydrogenase), and imaging (CT or MRI) to determine spread. Confirmation is made via surgical removal of the affected testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy).
Treatment
Treatment depends on cancer type, stage, patient health, and preferences:
Surgery: Removal of the affected testicle is primary treatment.
Chemotherapy: Used if cancer has spread; common drugs include cisplatin, etoposide
Radiation therapy: Often for seminomas, targets lymph nodes after surgery
Surveillance: Close monitoring post-surgery if cancer is localized
Prognosis is generally excellent, with 95% or higher cure rates, especially with early detection and treatment.
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